Ichabod Crane A Farcical Character, and a Political Allegory - Literature Essay Samples

Washington Irving’s â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† is a story beloved my many, and Ichabod Crane is a highly debated character. Some believe he is merely a man that helped to tell the tale of the legendary Headless Horseman, and others see him as an antihero that represents the human nature. This strange character is both those things, but one thing stands above the rest when analyzing such a remarkable schoolteacher. Ichabod Crane is a farce character that loosely mimics the British rule over America and its ultimate demise. He is an embodiment of the way Americans viewed the British after the Revolution with his lofty character, insatiable appetite, and severe cowardice. He may seem the hero, but, in reality, he is simply a mockery. Ichabod Crane is a strange name in and of itself, but Ichabod’s appearance and personality help form the character that fits the name. He does not look like a normal hero; he looks famished, and utterly ugly, a prime example of a farce character. He is described as having a lanky body, small head, and big ears and feet. Irving also states that â€Å"one might have mistaken him for†¦ some scarecrow eloped from a cornfield† (758). When Ichabod is riding the horse, Gunpowder, the narrator cannot help but mention the hilarity of viewing this scene. â€Å"†¦His sharp elbows stuck out like grasshoppers†¦ the motion of his arms was not unlike the flapping of a pair of wings†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (767). As for Ichabod’s personality, he is ludicrous and a mockery of what is real in his bravado and charm. He woos many women, charming them with his intelligence and professed talents such as singing and dancing, though he appears to be overexaggerated at both. Irving says that he is â€Å"a man of some importance in the female circles†¦ a kind of idle gentlemanlike personage, of vastly superior taste and accomplishments†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (760). However, his love for himself shines above the favor the ladies take in him. When the narrator describes Ichabod’s singing voice, he does not fail to include that â€Å"It was a matter of no little vanity to him†¦ to take his station in front of the church gallery†¦where, in his own mind, he completely carried away the palm from the parson† (759). Yet, his singing is a â€Å"nasal melody† to the country folk and, after Ichabod leaves Sleepy Hollow, â€Å"peculiar quavers [can] still†¦ be heard†¦ which are said to be legitimately descended from the nose of Ichabod Crane.† (760). As for his dancing, â€Å"Not a limb, not a fibre about him was idle, and to have seen his loosely hung frame in full motion, clattering about the room, you would have thought St. Vitus himself, that blessed patron of the dance, was figuring before you in person† (769). St. Vitus’ dance is not a pretty one, and for Ichabod to be compared to the saint shows how his dancing was more humorous than beautiful. Ichabod is not only a strange character, but he also has a strange appetite to match. He seems to wish to devour the entire countryside, and this may be an allusion to the way the British overruled America before the Revolution. Ichabod begins by simply enjoying the delicious food he is given by the country folk he stays with. â€Å"†¦On holiday afternoons [he] would convoy some of the smaller ones home, who happened to have pretty sisters, or good housewives for mothers, noted for the comforts of the cupboard† (759). Then his appetite begins to turn to a ravenous allusion. â€Å"He was a huge feeder, and though lank, had the dilating powers of an anaconda.† (759). Soon, his desire to devour turns to a woman and her inheritance. When he looks upon Katrina, the narrator states, â€Å"†¦it is not to be wondered at, that so tempting a morsel soon found favor in his eyes† (761). Ichabod sees her more as a sweet cake rather than a human, and his desire grows when he sees the wealth flowing from the place she lives. â€Å"The pedagogue’s mouth watered, as he looked upon this sumptuous promise of luxurious winter fare.† The narrator then details the way Ichabod sees every animal as some form of holiday dish. His mind doesn’t stop at the animals, but he continues, observing the house and land itself. â€Å"†¦his imagination expanded with the idea, how [the land] might be readily turned into cash, and the money invested in immense tracts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (762). His idea of a good life is to marry Katrina and sell everything she owns to move out West. He hungers for more and more, his insatiable desire a comical comparison to the way the British tried to keep America under their rule. Yet, his appetite is somewhat overwhelming, proving how the Americans felt under the rule of Great Britain. Finally, Ichabod is a coward that runs away from his home in Sleepy Hollow back to Connecticut where he grew up. He runs away due to the fright he receives from the Headless Horseman, but he also runs due to the unspoken conversation he had with Katrina on the night of the party. Irving states, â€Å"Something, however†¦ must have gone wrong, for he certainly sallied forth, after no very great interval, with an air quite desolate and chop-fallen† (771). On his trek homeward, he is dejected, and possibly thinking about heading back to Connecticut before the Headless Horseman shows up. Ichabod is also hilariously superstitious, and he â€Å"was a perfect master of Cotton Mather’s history of New England Witchcraft, in which, by the way, he most firmly and potently believed† (760). He revels in the tales of witchcraft and horror. He finds something intoxicating in stories of the unknown world, yet he is appalled when he walks home alone at night, startled by his own footsteps. Irving says that â€Å"his appetite for the marvelous, and his powers of digesting it, were equally extraordinary† (760) and that â€Å"no tale was too gross or monstrous for his capacious swallow† (760) yet, when he was out and about at night and saw fireflies and other nocturnal creatures, â€Å"The poor varlet was ready to give up the ghost with the idea that he was struck with a witch’s token† (760). Because Ichabod is a known superstitious coward, it is inferred that Brom, Ichabod’s rival, poses as the Headless Horseman. Ichabod could have rationalized that this was true, but, instead, he runs and gets knocked off his horse with a flying pumpkin. The rider is described as â€Å"gigantic in height and muffled in a cloak† (773) and Ichabod could have easily seen that this was a trick. This can be compared to the Siege of Yorktown where the British were tricked into thinning their troops and were captured, forced into a sur render to end the Revolutionary War. Ichabod runs back to his home like the British retreat to Great Britain, and Brom is safe to marry Katrina like the Americans were safe to form their own government and be a free country. Once observed in a way that reflects the British, Ichabod Crane has comical similarities that help to open the story up to a broader perspective. Irving may or may not have based this character loosely off the British rule and fall in America, but Ichabod produces a hilarious likeness to how the Americans saw the British during the time the story was published. His character in general shows an antihero likeness, and his desire to devour everything in sight produces a mockery of how the British monarchy hungered for the American people and countryside. His cowardice, also, represented a jesting form of how the British finally retreated and gave up, going back to where they belonged.

Psychologists and Personality Psychology Research Papers

Therapists and Personality Psychology Research PapersPersonality brain research inquire about themes frequently center around the subculture of individuals who have a one of a kind level of mindfulness. Mindfulness can be characterized as a state where an individual gets mindful of their own considerations, emotions, and examples of conduct. Think about the individual who knows about their feelings. How can one measure the level of mindfulness in this case?One of the key highlights of character brain science look into paper points is a need to characterize the individual who might be the objective of the examination and decide their objectives and the objectives of the exploration. It is regularly intriguing to take note of the way that an individual's musings and sentiments can be communicated on various degrees of awareness, for example, cognizant, oblivious, subliminal, and higher. The more cautious and individual the setting, the almost certain the member is to have the option to increase some knowledge into the subject matter.This point of view is additionally present in intrigue gatherings. Since such huge numbers of various gatherings have unmistakable and remarkable encounters, they might need to examine explicit exercises, things, or procedures in a way that can be summed up. There are likewise kinds of members who may have one of a kind interests and exercises. Now and then they are an intrigue gathering; now and again they are a piece of a particular subculture.This is the perspective taken by the individuals who contend that profound contemplation is the way to character brain science investigate. There is a long and fascinating history of studies that have focused on a typical topic: how and why individuals decide to do certain things or have certain connections. On the off chance that the individuals in the gathering can be indicated how their wants and responses identify with other people groups' inspirations and sentiments, at that point the dis cussions might have the option to move. A few examinations show that straightforward inquiries can be replied, for instance, 'For what reason did you decide to work at McDonald's?' There is additionally proof that a couple of members with uncommon foundations or language can acquire new ideas.This point of view can likewise be found in one of the most established of all things, kids, and formative stages. Crafted by the Phyllis Chesler at Children of God Help the Devil shows this point. Youngsters regularly exhibit what is as of now obvious about individuals when they are being met. They can start to show their folks how to identify with their own lives and how to identify with others.A individual may decide to follow a course to a situation or a vocation dependent on their condition. In this way, the viewpoint that an examination gathering can bring is significant. For instance, when a designer clarifies the manner in which he thought of the structure for the phone, he can bring up how the information on their environmental factors impacted the plan. At the point when a specialist clarifies that a specific infection makes an individual have certain side effects, he can show that the person figured out how to live with specific manifestations by watching individuals he has worked with. This should be possible by taking a gander at the exploration study bunches that react to the inquiries that are presented and from that will have the option to find the shrouded information on the questions.In general, this is a region of research that has had a lot of noteworthiness for brain science examine paper themes. Very frequently, the capacity to pick up understanding into the lives of individuals is by all accounts a need for human endurance. It is regularly astounding to hear that individuals that decided to contemplate this subject truly needed to pick up experiences into the lives of others. They needed to realize why individuals decide to do certain things and how to gain from them.

Essay Samples Book - How to Find the Right Book For Your Essay

<h1>Essay Samples Book - How to Find the Right Book For Your Essay</h1><p>Finding the ideal article tests book for school is the initial step to composing your own paper. There are numerous approaches to move toward this, so which ones will be best?</p><p></p><p>Many individuals who are entering school frequently haven't the faintest idea about what the correct paper tests book ought to contain. They may wind up with something they don't comprehend, or something that they don't feel certain with. This is a typical problem.</p><p></p><p>If you need to evade the traps of utilizing article test's books, it is critical to pick the correct one. I suggest utilizing a book with expositions composed by experts. You won't show signs of improvement results by perusing a paper that another person has composed. You can approach the individual you're working with for test essays.</p><p></p><p>These specialis ts as of now have an exhaustive comprehension of how a paper is developed and how to structure a whole research process. The correct book will tell you the best way to make your exploration procedure smooth and easy.</p><p></p><p>Every paper is unique in relation to one another, so the examination you have to do to deliver a powerful exposition is entirely unexpected starting with one then onto the next. This is the reason a specialist, for example, a teacher, will utilize a specialist guide.</p><p></p><p>As far as the topic goes, you additionally need to think about the significance of your paper comparable to the general subject of the content. This is another viewpoint that a specialist can assist you with choosing on.</p><p></p><p>It is regularly the situation that if your central matter isn't right, you will fizzle. This is something you should contemplate while picking your essay.</p><p></p& gt;<p>It is essential to guarantee that the exposition tests book you pick is composed by a specialist. Regardless of whether you are on a restricted spending plan, it's anything but a smart thought to make due with a book that is intended for undergrads. Set aside the effort to locate the privilege one.</p>

A Secret Weapon for The Winters Tale Essay Topics

<h1> A Secret Weapon for The Winters Tale Essay Topics </h1> <p>Persuasive articles share a ton of similarity with factious expositions. Camillo is intriguing as we are not exactly sure he should be steadfast. Be that as it may, John was a genuine expert. Since the time at that point, The Handmaid's Tale has motivated many lower-profile adjustments and related works. </p> <h2>The Winters Tale Essay Topics Game </h2> <p>Writing is an agreeable method to breathe easy for the two grown-ups and kids the same. Fantasies are a most loved approach to give time for youngsters. Kids love the excitement of the experience and endeavoring to discover how the characters will get away from the issue they end up in. She conveys the youngster which will be theirs. </p> <h2> The Debate Over the Winters Tale Essay Topics </h2> <p>Atwood isn't especially confident about ladies and force and organization as a method of changing the condit ions in which they're caught. The creator seems to use Hermione as the honest accuse taker, demonstrating that it's much of the time the frail that take the commitment of the activities of the amazing. </p> <p>The point is to get their juices streaming. Expound on the most peculiar thing you've at any point seen in as long as you can remember! The genuine advantages alongside tests an individual offer must breeze up being prepared as an approach to persuade devotees that that battle can be substantial. One specific own to guarantee you include the individual perceptions notwithstanding ordinarily the subject's record to set up a remarkable in power task. </p> <p>College application exposition subjects are a basic segment of an engaging and convincing piece of composing. The job of composing a sarcastic article is simply to engage perusers and consequently, theme determination is for sure basic. While the totally free expositions may give you motivation for composing, they can't be utilized 'as is' on the grounds that they won't fulfill your task's prerequisites. Convincing papers are a fabulous way to urge the peruser to check at a specific theme from an alternate pers pective. </p> <p>You may even choose an accessible essayist to correspondence board, which conveys a prompt correspondence between the writer and the client. Every subject is trailed by methods for a clarification along with a progression of inquiries which can help control your understudies in their examination. There are numerous charming themes that could be become a convincing paper on the off chance that you accept the open door to consider doing it. Think about some of the subtleties. </p> <h2> the Winters Tale Essay Topics Explained</h2> <p>What's increasingly significant, The Ugly Duckling convinces its perusers that it doesn't make a difference who you are presently, the main important issue is who you might want to turn out to be later on. You ought to absolutely similarly frequently be opened so as to looking at all of the issue because of two or three sentiments. To begin with, you must lay the right foundation and pull to the perusers' advantage. At that point, the issue of open affirmation comes out. </p> <h2>The Downside Risk of the Winters Tale Essay Topics </h2> <p>Describe the pet and the manner in which you would take care of it. Odds and ends are uncovered, yet the total picture has not yet been seen. Changing some of the components in a natural story is a huge way to deal with discover progressively about how to create a fantasy! You decide to see if the entryway is bolted. </p> <p>At any phase in the content, you can float your cursor over a section for more information. Each detail is dealt with in the proper way. To begin with, the issue of self-ID emerges. </p> <h2>Winters Tale Essay Topics Features </h2> <p>This story showed me a truly important exercise I have conveyed with me for a mind-blowing duration, and it'll keep on helping me through the rest of it. Your character has the chance to move to a fresh out of the plastic new town. He is running late and nee ds to take the transport as opposed to strolling. Recount to an anecdote about your ideal spot to call home. </p>

How to Use a Literary Sample Essay For Writing Your College Or University Essay

<h1>How to Use a Literary Sample Essay For Writing Your College Or University Essay</h1><p>A artistic example paper is an extraordinary instrument to assist you with getting into an undergrad program that you may have in any case been dismissed from. These are likewise valuable for the individuals who have not yet completed school and need assistance getting acknowledged into a school or college. These examples will assist you with clearing your path through an assortment of colleges and universities with ease.</p><p></p><p>A scholarly example can be composed for any assortment of point, and you can pick the subject that best suits you. Generally speaking, attempt to compose something that you are educated in. For instance, on the off chance that you need to expound on writing, you ought to consider composing on either writing or fiction. This will assist you with picking up information on the two classes and help you to sharpen your composin g abilities. The more you think about a theme, the simpler it will be for you to compose the sample.</p><p></p><p>The first thing you have to do is locate an abstract example that you might want to expound on. You can get this from various spots. A few models incorporate reading material examples, online abstract examples, or formal papers that you may have submitted recorded as a hard copy rivalries. When you have this data, you have to discover how you can utilize it for your essay.</p><p></p><p>Some of the most widely recognized approaches to utilize your example will be to add an individual touch to it. For instance, in the event that you choose to add an individual tale to your example, this can assist you with making an increasingly close to home article. On the off chance that you might want to include an individual account, this is an extraordinary method to keep your theme applicable to the author's understanding. In the event that you need to downplay your example, this is a decent decision for you to make. In the event that you choose to include an individual story, you might need to utilize your model in various manners all through your essay.</p><p></p><p>Your test can likewise be utilized to characterize your character. At the point when you are portraying your character, do as such in a way that is practical and grounded as a general rule. This will make your exposition simpler to peruse, and it will likewise enable the peruser to get into your character more easily.</p><p></p><p>Finally, consider what the peruser will need to see when they wrap up your scholarly example. The key is to write such that makes the peruser need to keep perusing your article. Recollect that everybody has an alternate understanding velocity, so what you decide to compose voluntarily rely upon that understanding rate. On the off chance that you are experiencing difficulty wi th this piece of your article, investigate test expositions that will assist you with accelerating your writing.</p><p></p><p>These tips should assist you with beginning composing your scholarly example paper. Obviously, you will need to contemplate them when you are composing your paper. As you take a shot at this, recall the more you can write in a solitary day, the happier you will be!</p>

Topic For Opinion Essay Writing

<h1>Topic For Opinion Essay Writing</h1><p>Topics for sentiment article composing. As an article author, you will regularly be approached to compose a subject for an exposition. Truth be told, this is one of the most widely recognized inquiries posed by both school and school educators and inspectors the same. The significance of making a reasonable point is significant in light of the fact that it will give the paper its style and 'voice'.</p><p></p><p>A cautious thought of the considerable number of components to consider in making a proper subject is fundamental. Above all else, you ought to settle on what sort of subject you need to compose. Is it an examination theme? Provided that this is true, the significant inquiry to pose to yourself is whether the point is going to manage information, research, discoveries, or even some other sort of data?</p><p></p><p>Research subjects are commonly more fascinating and defi nite than feeling themes. In the event that you need to compose an exploration exposition, the best methodology is to diagram and pick the kinds of realities that you will investigate. Along these lines, you will have the option to abstain from going over the edge recorded as a hard copy your theme and will get an opportunity to focus on what is increasingly significant - the exploration aspect.</p><p></p><p>Writing an assessment paper will be not quite the same as an examination article. You should consider what you are expounding on. It likely could be that you locate an intriguing thought and experience issues choosing what the most ideal approach to communicate that thought is. For this situation, you may wish to consider utilizing discourse as a composing tool.</p><p></p><p>Opinion papers will probably contain a few articulations about a particular subject or arrangement of thoughts. These ought to be introduced in a short, succin ct way. A sentiment paper will seldom be sufficiently long to give a full conversation of any subject or hypothesis. In the event that you want to explain a thought, you should compose something that is shorter and more brief than your conclusion paper will require.</p><p></p><p>Some individuals appreciate composing articles about characters or perceptions they have verified occasions. Such a subject can be hard to expound on, however it very well may be a lot simpler to expound on when you start by pondering the individual who may be composing it. Maybe there are some close to home convictions that you feel emphatically about, and they would assist with forming the story. Every one of these things can be reflected in the assessments of the writer of the essay.</p><p></p><p>For points for supposition exposition composing, you will need to consider that individuals are incredibly changed in their conclusions. Almost certainly, the subje ct of the paper will change significantly starting with one individual then onto the next. In this way, while the thought may at first be for one individual to expound on their assessment about a specific issue, if the assessments of the individuals in the article change and make their perspective all the more clear, the end may be increasingly fit to a feeling section. In either case, you should attempt to mirror the first thought as an assessment essay.</p><p></p><p>When you are approached to compose a subject for a conclusion paper, set aside some effort to consider what you believe is generally fitting to examine. Recollect that the theme ought to mirror the assessments of the individuals in the exposition, so ensure that the article mirrors the writer's suppositions or perspectives, instead of those of the reader.</p>

The Custom Essay Research Paper

<h1>The Custom Essay Research Paper</h1><p>The trouble of custom article inquire about paper composing isn't just in making sense of the structure and in making sense of how to continue with the exploration. It likewise includes a great deal of research, data gathering and the comparing composing. There are sure standards to follow while inquiring about a specific theme or idea.</p><p></p><p>First of all, in looking into your point, you have to introduce an online word processor, which is fit for sending out your exploration to the web. You should then beginning perusing up and assembling important information regarding the matter that you need to expound on. This can either be your own encounters or it very well may be data that you have accumulated from others. Ensure that you abstain from hurrying as you will think that its difficult to inquire about your subject on the off chance that you are compelled to do as such. Ensure that you accum ulate all the data first and afterward begin getting ready for your research.</p><p></p><p>Make utilization of online hunts and cross reference your exploration information. You will at that point get all the essential data you have to compose your exploration paper. It is significant that you keep data and research nearby so as to compose a decent research paper. Perusing is the most ideal approach to look into a topic.</p><p></p><p>The subsequent stage is to build up your exploration paper. Utilize web assets, aides and books accessible online to help you in building up your exploration paper. You can utilize the Internet for composing the exploration paper yet ensure that you use it carefully and just for the privilege reasons.</p><p></p><p>Once you are prepared with your examination paper, be set up to experience the procedure of altering. Altering your exploration paper resembles checking and fixing the wor k that you have done. For this situation, you will check your spelling, organizing and for clearness of your research.</p><p></p><p>At last, set up your exploration paper for accommodation. Remember the arrangement of your examination paper and have the option to fuse the data you have perused. Work out the rundown of your exploration paper such that it very well may be submitted without any problem. Remember to make reference to your sources and related data that you used.</p><p></p><p>Thus, custom article look into paper composing can be cultivated utilizing the guide of online apparatuses. You should do some examination, however by doing it on the web, you will think that its much easier.</p>

The Unadvertised Details Regarding Term Paper Writing Service That People are not Aware Of

<h1> The Unadvertised Details Regarding Term Paper Writing Service That People don't know about </h1> <p>It is conceivable to arrange a research project even whether its theme isn't exceptionally normal, and you can't find any data that would assist you with uncovering the subject. It is desirable over pick a point that intrigues you or a subject that you have information on. Choosing an incredible theme disentangles the entire endeavor for you. While taking care of the inquiry with respect to How to create an exposition, you should above all else choose the subject of your term paper.</p> <h2>Facts, Fiction and Term Paper Writing Service </h2> <p>If you fret about the quality of your article just as you're stressing over whether you can find a paper essayist you can trust, you have shown up at the right area. An A There are bunches of thoroughly free school papers on the web. More or less, the administration exists, so should you wish to uti lize it so as to locate a top exposition, that is reason enough. Using a composing administration is the ideal way to deal with have an elegantly composed paper to use as a rule to ensure the papers you compose are hitting all the crucial focuses and are at the proper profundity vital for your scholarly evaluation. </p> <h2> Up in Arms About Term Paper Writing Service?</h2> <p>Many sites that offer totally free product and administrations with the download of some kind of programming or record are endeavoring to take data put away on a type of PC including charge card and bank subtleties. It's conceivable to take help from scholarly composing administrations just in the occasion you can't comprehend the scholastic papers prerequisites. In the event that you choose to purchase investigate paper from our organization, here is a short guidance for making a request on the site. You will get an extraordinary research project alongside the ideal client experience. </p> <p>You don't should be worried about the evaluation of work we do. From us, you will get brilliant research projects that coordinate the value of your cash. A lot of custom research project composing administrations are on the net. On the off chance that you truly want to utilize a perfect research project composing support is urgent, before selecting one that you ought to be aware of reasons why you have to pick the perfect paper composing proficient administrations. </p> <p>Reread your paper's chief point and bolster passages to see if any additional realities are required to support your paper. On the off chance that you need to purchase your paper on the web, you ought to find the assistance of the most best, and that is the thing that we are. </p> <p>Term Paper is among the most critical composing undertakings. It additionally fills in as an instrument to test your abilities picked up from contemplating. Reference paper is an extraordinary thought! Composing a research project may wind up being a difficult strategic. </p> <p>To create a research project without anyone else is certainly not a basic employment. In the event that you are acquainted with the subject you select for your research paper, you wouldn't just have a great time composing it yet you'd likewise be in a situation to all the more viably present your thoughts. A research project composing administration intends to help you at whatever stage you should make an amazing research paper. You won't lament getting your research paper from us. </p> <h2> Things You Should Know About Term Paper Writing Service</h2> <p>You should endeavor and choose a theme for your exploration subject contingent upon the guidelines of your educator. Others may go to an assistance simply because they discover the amount of research that they need to do terrifying. Understudies are foreseen to convey top quality research papers that satisfy severe necessity as to substance and structure. </p> <p>So far as the assortment o f customers and requests develops each month, we have to look for the administrations of new authors and editors and other work force. It's pivotal that the administration you settle on knows without a doubt they're just picking the absolute best paper journalists. The most affordable assistance is no doubt the one which will intrigue understudies. The absolute best composing suppliers work by giving individuals as a rule and understudies, explicitly, the way to get their articles composed and checked on by the individuals who have picked the field as their professions. </p> <h2> What Does Term Paper Writing Service Mean? </h2> <p>Writing a research project is a basic procedure which requests huge ventures, alongside the occasion, vitality and nerves. Valid, such kind of task for a research project needs a conscientious methodology, time and certainty that you're doing it right. Concocting an incredible research paper is one of the fundamental fights understu dies face towards the finish of the semesters. Change of transient objectives doesn't totally demonstrate an adjustment in the long haul targets.</p>

Assigning A Bibliography Before Writing Your Essay

<h1>Assigning A Bibliography Before Writing Your Essay</h1><p>If you need to compose an explained book index, at that point you ought to experience it before you start composing the paper. On the off chance that you have perused numerous great books and articles, at that point there is a ton of data that you may not know about. I will talk about the data and tips that will help you in your composing process.</p><p></p><p>First, let me disclose to you that you should peruse at any rate five books or articles. This ought to be before you start composing your exposition. You need to ensure that you have perused a portion of the more disputable books on the Internet. The more dubious the subject, the more data that you should think about the theme. Suppose that you are composing a paper on protection, you would need to peruse some increasingly enlightening books that emphasis on the subject.</p><p></p><p>Next, you should c ompose your exposition. I find that I get truly amped up for a thought when I start composing my exposition. On the off chance that you are composing an article that manages anything questionable, at that point you might need to do your exploration first. After you have completed your exploration, you might need to have a type of diagram to assist you with composing your essay.</p><p></p><p>Once you have your layout prepared, at that point you can begin composing your exposition. You need to have a rundown of the book and article titles with the goal that you can discover what you are searching for. Try not to stress on the off chance that you can't recall everything pretty much the entirety of the information.</p><p></p><p>The genuine significant thing that you need to do before you start composing is to ensure that you realize what the essential issue is. On the off chance that you have an issue with destitution, at that point you wi ll need to begin with this. Ensure that you talk about in your exposition why you accept that there is an issue and what your strategy will be.</p><p></p><p>Lastly, you need to make them intrigue subtleties to raise in your article. These are for the most part the seemingly insignificant details that will assist you with expressing what is on your mind. Most educators will request that you raise these realities in your paper, so ensure that you do.</p><p></p><p>If you follow these tips and ensure that you have perused a few books and perused a portion of the articles, at that point you will be well en route to composing a commented on list of sources before you start composing your exposition. You need to have the entirety of the data that you need before you start composing your article. I realize that this will assist you with getting increasingly out of your essay.</p>

Find Out How to Get a Perfect Term Papers Review

Find Out How to Get a Perfect Term Papers ReviewWhen it comes to finding the perfect term papers review, you will have to consider a lot of factors before making any decision. One of the most important factors that you should consider is your age. In general, the students who are in their late teens and early twenties tend to get good grades when it comes to term papers.Besides, this group has people who can think analytically and they have a very good memory as well, which makes them able to recall various topics easily. When it comes to your perfect papers review, you will have to take note of the information that they are going to be reading. You can make them familiar with the information that you want them to be familiar with.When you are taking the information to be able to review them, make sure that you have already made use of the list of important information. If not, you might end up forgetting some information that you need them to remember. Once you have made them acquai nted with the information, you will be able to read out their paper without any mistakes.You can also make them aware of certain elements that they have to remember. You can let them know about the dates and the content of the information that they will be reading. Once you are doing so, you will be able to make sure that they will be able to remember the information. After all, this is what is needed to make sure that they are able to learn the information accurately.Apart from this, you will also have to know the fact that if you have given them enough time to study for the perfect paper's review, they will be able to handle the test. Even though they might have a weak memory, they will still be able to make out the information that they need to. Also, they will be able to learn the information that you want them to be able to do.The way you are giving them a short review is also very important. You will have to give them enough time for them to be able to read the content of the information. If they are given only a few minutes, they will not be able to learn the information accurately. If you give them a long time to read the content, then you can be sure that they will be able to make out the important information accurately.In addition, writing the assignment that you are giving them is also very important. If you have good writing skills, then you will be able to make the students understand the information that you want them to learn. By writing the assignments properly, you will be able to make them understand the important things.Although there are many other things that you can do for your short review, but these are some of the things that you should consider. These things will be used in order to make sure that the students are able to learn the material as well as possible.

The United Automobile Workers ( Uaw ) - 1558 Words

The United Automobile Workers (UAW) is a labor union that represents workers in North America. It has the employer’s welfare in mind in the manner of a health insurance plan, improved working conditions, better working hours, and higher wages. The UAW has received a great deal of criticism over the years for being responsible for the â€Å"death of the auto industry† in America. With its influential history and the issues members have faced over the course of the years, an analysis can be made of the way the group performs and the media attention that the group has generated. The UAW believes in social justice for its workers and providing quality automobile products to the public while creating success for its members, company investors and clients. The UAW has had an extensive history in America for the 80 years. It was founded on May 1935 in Detroit Michigan under the American Federation of Labor until the AFL suspended the union thus enabling the UAW to form a rival federation of unions called the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). It infamously formed a sit-down strike compiled of 22 delegates in 1935, at General Motors in Flint Michigan. Proving successful at GM plant, it later addressed other companies such as Chrysler and Ford, later gaining recognition of the UAW as an appointee. When America went to war with Japan in 1942, the UAW voted to make a â€Å"no strike† pledge to not impede war effort. Subsequently the UAW became the first union to hold a Women’sShow MoreRelatedLabor Unions And The American Labor Relations Act Of Canada Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesthe 1930s, labor unions had little to no voice in the contracts of industrialized companies. Labor Unions â€Å"are organizations of work ers whose primary objectives are to improve the pecuniary and nonpecuniary conditions or employment among their members† (Ehrenberg Smith, pg. 451). The Christian Labour Association of Canada (CLAC) and the United Automobiles Workers (UAW) are different unions in Canada and the Unites States. Even though they have some similarities, the two groups have many differencesRead MoreA Brief Note On The Auto Industry And The Automobile Industry845 Words   |  4 PagesTwo Tier Wages in the Auto Maker Industry Two-tiered wages in the automobile industry are a result of agreements for a government bailout with the top three auto makers in the United States: GM, Chrysler, and Ford. One of the major issues identified in the near fall of these major automakers, aside from increase in gas prices and overall recessions, were the cost of labor. Hourly wages and compensations were as high as $73 per hour for Ford, GM, and Chrysler despite low overall low satisfactoryRead MoreSwot of Gm1431 Words   |  6 Pagesfollowed by the United States, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Italy. (About GM: General Motors Company, Company Profile , 2010) In this paper I will provide an analysis about General Motors (G.M.’s) strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (S.W.O.T) and a brief history. General Motors was founded on September 16, 1908 in Flint, Michigan as a holding company for Buick by William C. Durant. Mr. Durant is considered as one of the leading pioneers in the American automobile industryRead MoreThe Chrysler Groups Merger with Fiat929 Words   |  4 Pages The Chrysler Group LLC initial public offering (IPO) was initiated by a trust known as the United Auto Workers (UAW) Retiree Medical Benefits Trust to cover medical benefits for retired workers who owned 41.5% of the company. The trust was created in 2007 as a way of reducing Chryslers financial liability of paying existing workers and former employees’ health care costs and retirements. Initially, the trust was not supposed to have a large share of its assets in the form of stock, but with ChryslerRead MoreAuto Workers At Fiat Chrysler Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesAuto workers at Fiat Chrysler are in an uproar over changes in job assignments at the auto plants. Many feel Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) is looking to eradicate the skilled trade jobs by reassigning so-called minor tasks to production workers (Jones, 2016). Tasks such as fault resets and electrical cable replacement, now done by skilled tradesmen, would become the responsibility of workers who are not suffici ently prepared for such work and often for only little additional pay. Auto workers feelRead MoreHenry Ford, hero or villain1444 Words   |  6 Pagesallowed the luxury to drive to be able to have their own car and take their families out in them; however he caused farmers to lose money and was cruel to his workers. After Ford created the Quadricycle in 1896 he joined investors to establish a company that would manufacturer automobiles, however the two companies disbanded (Detroit Automobile Company and the Henry Ford Corporation) so Ford used publicity to encourage people to buy his cars, he built race cars and his name became well known, howeverRead MoreProfiles of Ford Motor Company and Toyota Company4248 Words   |  17 Pagesheadquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In 2009, Toyota Motor Corporation employed 71,116 people worldwide (total Toyota 320,808).[3] TMC is the worlds largest automobile manufacturer by sales[4][5] and production.[6] The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passengerRead MoreThe Auto Industry : A Global Economic Powerhouse And Juggernaut Of Cultural Influence1051 Words   |  5 Pagessubtle shift in consumer demand based on changing demographic preferences. â€Å"Consumers appear to be rethinking their long love affair with individual automobile brands and viewing cars more as transportation machines. Although this is not likely to have a major impact on sales volume, it is affecting how much people are willing to pay for automobiles† (Strategy, 2015, para. 6). Whenever consumers begin viewing a particular product category as a â€Å"commodity,† this signals a major threat. In the absenceRead MoreGeneral Motors, Chrysler, and Obamas Bailout Progra m Essay examples1619 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2009, the Obama Administration bailed out the General Motors and Chrysler automobile companies. Having begun their decent into bankruptcy in 2008, losing thousands of jobs, sales plummeting forty percent, with a high threat of liquidation, General Motors and Chrysler finally reached government-assisted chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2009. Obama allocated eighty five billion dollars in TARP funds to the auto industry, close to fifty billion dollars of it going to General Motors. The allocated funds wereRead MoreMovie Analysis : Detropia Is A Documentary Directed By Heidi Ewing And Rachel Grady1001 Words   |  5 PagesDetropia is a documentary directed by Heidi Ewing and Rachel Grady that explores the decline of Detroit, Michigan. The film is to raise awareness of the city that used to flourish but is now struggling to support its citizens with the downfall of its automobile industry. Detropia was made in 2012 and highlights important stories and viewpoints of citizens still living in Detroit who are filled with hope for its future. I chose to review Detropia because it really corresponds with what we have been discussing

What Makes an Effective Executive free essay sample

So what do effective leaders have in common? They get the right things done, in the right ways—by following eight simple rules: Ask what needs to be done. When Jack Welch asked this question while taking over as CEO at General Electric, he realized that dropping GE businesses that couldn’t be first or second in their industries as essential—not the overseas expansion he had wanted to launch. Once you know what must be done, identify tasks you’re best at, concentrating on one at a time. After completing a task, reset priorities based on new realities. †¢ Develop action plans. Ask what’s right for the enterprise. Don’t agonize over what’s best for owners, investors, employees, or customers. Decisions that are right for your enterprise are ultimately right for all stakeholders. †¢ Take responsibili Run productive meetings. Articulate each meeting’s purpose (Making an announcement? Delivering a report? ). We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes an Effective Executive or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Terminate the meeting once the purpose is accomplished. Follow up with short communications summarizing the discussion, spelling out new work assignments and deadlines for ompleting them. General Motors CEO Alfred Sloan’s legendary mastery of meeting followup helped secure GM’s industry dominance in the mid-twentieth century. Think and say â€Å"We,† not â€Å"I. † Your authority comes from your organization’s trust in you. To get the best results, always consider your organization’s needs and opportunities before your own. Take responsibility for decisions. Ensure that each decision specifies who’s accountable for carrying it out, when it must be implemented, who’ll be affected by it, and who must be informed. Regularly review decisions, especially hires and promotions. This enables you to correct poor decisions before doing real damage. Take responsibility for communicating. Get input from superiors, subordinates, and peers on your action plans. Let each know what information you need to get the job done. Pay equal attention to peers’ and superiors’ information needs. Focus on opportunities, not problems. You get results by exploiting opportunities, not solving problems. Identify changes inside and outside your organization (new technolopage 1 Great managers may be charismatic or dull, generous or tightfisted, visionary or numbers oriented. They were all over the map in terms of their personalities, attitudes, values, strengths, and weaknesses. They ranged from extroverted to nearly reclusive, from easygoing to controlling, from generous to parsimonious. What made them all effective is that they followed the same eight practices: †¢ They asked, â€Å"What needs to be done? † †¢ They asked, â€Å"What is right for the enterprise? † †¢ They developed action plans. †¢ They took responsibility for decisions. †¢ They took responsibility for communicating. †¢ They were focused on opportunities rather than problems. harvard business review †¢ june 2004 They ran productive meetings. †¢ They thought and said â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I. † The ? rst two practices gave them the knowledge they needed. The next four helped them convert this knowledge into effective action. The last two ensured that the whole organization felt responsible and accountable. Get the K nowledge You Need The ? rst practice is to ask what needs to be done. Note that the question is not â€Å"What do I want to do? † Asking what has to be done, and taking the question seriously, is crucial for managerial success. Failure to ask this question will render even the ablest executive ineffectual. When Truman became president in 1945, he knew exactly what he wanted to do: complete the economic and social reforms of Roosevelt’s New Deal, which had been deferred by World War II. As soon as he asked what needed to be done, though, Truman realized that foreign affairs had absolute priority. He organized his working day so that it began with tutorials on foreign policy by the secretaries of state and page 2 W hat Makes an Effective Executive Peter F. Drucker is the Marie Rankin Clarke Professor of Social Science and Management at the Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California. He has written nearly two dozen articles for HBR. harvard business review †¢ june 2004 defense. As a result, he became the most effective president in foreign affairs the United States has ever known. He contained Communism in both Europe and Asia and, with the Marshall Plan, triggered 50 years of worldwide economic growth. Similarly, Jack Welch realized that what needed to be done at General Electric when he took over as chief executive was not the overseas expansion he wanted to launch. It was getting rid of GE businesses that, no matter how pro? able, could not be number one or number two in their industries. The answer to the question â€Å"What needs to be done? † almost always contains more than one urgent task. But effective executives do not splinter themselves. They concentrate on one task if at all possible. If they are among those people—a sizable minority—who work best with a c hange of pace in their working day, they pick two tasks. I have never encountered an executive who remains effective while tackling more than two tasks at a time. Hence, after asking what needs to be done, the effective executive sets priorities and sticks to them. For a CEO, the priority task might be rede? ning the company’s mission. For a unit head, it might be rede? ning the unit’s relationship with headquarters. Other tasks, no matter how important or appealing, are postponed. However, after completing the original top-priority task, the executive resets priorities rather than moving on to number two from the original list. He asks, â€Å"What must be done now? † This generally results in new and different priorities. To refer again to America’s best-known CEO: Every ? ve years, according to his autobiography, Jack Welch asked himself, â€Å"What needs to be done now? And every time, he came up with a new and different priority. But Welch also thought through another issue before deciding where to concentrate his efforts for the next ? ve years. He asked himself which of the two or three tasks at the top of the list he himself was best suited to undertake. Then he concentrated on that task; the others he delega ted. Effective executives try to focus on jobs they’ll do especially well. They know that enterprises perform if top management performs—and don’t if it doesn’t. Effective executives’ second practice—fully as important as the ? rst—is to ask, â€Å"Is this the ight thing for the enterprise? † They do not ask if it’s right for the owners, the stock price, the employees, or the executives. Of course they know that shareholders, employees, and executives are important constituencies who have to support a decision, or at least acquiesce in it, if the choice is to be effective. They know that the share price is important not only for the shareholders but also for the enterprise, since the price/earnings ratio sets the cost of capital. But they also know that a decision that isn’t right for the enterprise will ultimately not be right for any of the stakeholders. This second practice is especially important for executives at family owned or family run businesses—the majority of businesses in every country—particularly when they’re making decisions about people. In the successful family company, a relative is promoted only if he or she is measurably superior to all nonrelatives on the same level. At DuPont, for instance, all top managers (except the controller and lawyer) were family members in the early years when the ? rm was run as a family business. All male descendants of the founders were entitled to entry-level jobs at the company. Beyond the entrance level, a family member got a promotion only if a panel composed primarily of nonfamily managers judged the person to be superior in ability and performance to all other employees at the same level. The same rule was observed for a century in the highly successful British family business J. Lyons Company (now part of a major conglomerate) when it dominated the British food-service and hotel industries. Asking â€Å"What is right for the enterprise? † does not guarantee that the right decision will be made. Even the most brilliant executive is human and thus prone to mistakes and prejudices. But failure to ask the question virtually guarantees the wrong decision. Write an Action Plan Executives are doers; they execute. Knowledge is useless to executives until it has been translated into deeds. But before springing into action, the executive needs to plan his course. He needs to think about desired results, probable restraints, future revisions, check-in points, and implications for how he’ll spend his time. First, the executive de? nes desired results by asking: â€Å"What contributions should the enterprise expect from me over the next 18 months page 3 W hat Makes an Effective Executive Asking what has to be done, and taking the question seriously, is crucial for managerial success. to two years? What results will I commit to? With what deadlines? † Then he considers the restraints on action: â€Å"Is this course of action ethical? Is it acceptable within the organization? Is it legal? Is it compatible with the mission, values, and policies of the organization? † Af? rmative answers don’t guarantee that the action will be effective. But violating these restraints is certain to make it both wrong and ineffectual. The action plan is a statement of intentions ather than a commitment. It must not become a straitjacket. It should be revised often, because every success creates new opportunities. So does every failure. The same is true for changes in the business environment, in the market, and especially in people within the enterprise—all these changes demand that the plan be revised. A written plan should anticipate the need for ? exibility. In addition, the action plan needs to create a system for checking the results against the expectations. Effective executives usually build two such checks into their action plans. The rst check comes halfway through the plan’s time period; for example, at nine months. The second occurs at the end, before the next action plan is drawn up. Finally, the action plan has to become the basis for the executive’s time management. Time is an executive’s scarcest and most precious resource. And organizations—whether government agencies, businesses, or nonprofits—are inherently time wasters. The action plan will prove useless unless it’s allowed to determine how the executive spends his or her time. Napoleon allegedly said that no successful battle ever followed its plan. Yet Napoleon also lanned every one of his battles, far more meticulously than any earlier general had done. Without an action plan, the executive becomes a prisoner of events. And without check-ins to reexamine the plan as events unfold, the executive has no way of knowing which events really matter and which are only noise. Act When they translate plans into action, executives need to pay particular attention to decision making, communication, opportunities (as opposed to problems), and meetings. I’ll consider these one at a time. Take responsibility for decisions. A deci- harvard business review †¢ june 2004 ion has not been made until people know: †¢ the name of the person accountable for carrying it out; †¢ the deadline; †¢ the names of the people who will be affected by the decision and therefore have to know about, understand, and approve it—or at least not be strongly opposed to it—and †¢ the names of the people who have to be informed of the decision, even if they are not directly affected by it. An extraordinary number of organizational decisions run into trouble because these bases aren’t cover ed. One of my clients, 30 years ago, lost its leadership position in the fast-growing Japanese market because the company, after deciding to enter into a joint venture with a new Japanese partner, never made clear who was to inform the purchasing agents that the partner de? ned its speci? cations in meters and kilograms rather than feet and pounds—and nobody ever did relay that information. It’s just as important to review decisions periodically—at a time that’s been agreed on in advance—as it is to make them carefully in the ?rst place. That way, a poor decision can be corrected before it does real damage. These reviews can cover anything from the results to the assumptions underlying the decision. Such a review is especially important for the most crucial and most dif? cult of all decisions, the ones about hiring or promoting people. Studies of decisions about people show that only one-third of such choices turn out to be truly successful. One-third are likely to be draws—neither successes nor outright failures. And one-third are failures, pure and simple. Effective executives know this and check up (six to nine months later) on the results of their people decisions. If they ? nd that a decision has not had the desired results, they don’t conclude that the person has not performed. They conclude, instead, that they themselves made a mistake. In a well-managed enterprise, it is understood that people who fail in a new job, especially after a promotion, may not be the ones to blame. Executives also owe it to the organization and to their fellow workers not to tolerate nonperforming individuals in important jobs. It may not be the employees’ fault that they are underperforming, but even so, they have to be removed. People who have failed in a new job should be given the choice to go back to a job page 4 W hat Makes an Effective Executive Executives owe it to the rganization and their fellow workers not to tolerate nonperforming people in important jobs. harvard business review †¢ june 2004 at their former level and salary. This option is rarely exercised; such people, as a rule, leave voluntarily, at least when their employers are U. S. ?rms. But the very existence of the option can have a powerful effect, encouraging people to leave safe, comfortable jobs and take risky new assignments. The organization’s performance depends on employees’ willingness to take such chances. A systematic decision review can be a powerful tool for self-development, too. Checking the results of a decision against its expectations shows executives what their strengths are, where they need to improve, and where they lack knowledge or information. It shows them their biases. Very often it shows them that their decisions didn’t produce results because they didn’t put the right people on the job. Allocating the best people to the right positions is a crucial, tough job that many executives slight, in part because the best people are already too busy. Systematic decision review also shows executives their own weaknesses, particularly the areas in which they are simply incompetent. In these areas, smart executives don’t make decisions or take actions. They delegate. Everyone has such areas; there’s no such thing as a universal executive genius. Most discussions of decision making assume that only senior executives make decisions or that only senior executives’ decisions matter. This is a dangerous mistake. Decisions are made at every level of the organization, beginning with individual professional contributors and frontline supervisors. These apparently low-level decisions are extremely important in a knowledge-based organization. Knowledge workers are supposed to know more about heir areas of specialization—for example, tax accounting—than anybody else, so their decisions are likely to have an impact throughout the company. Making good decisions is a crucial skill at every level. It needs to be taught explicitly to everyone in organizations that are based on knowledge. Take responsibility for communicating. Effective executi ves make sure that both their action plans and their information needs are understood. Speci? cally, this means that they share their plans with and ask for comments from all their colleagues—superiors, subordinates, and peers. At the same time, they let each person know what information they’ll need to get the job done. The information ? ow from subordinate to boss is usually what gets the most attention. But executives need to pay equal attention to peers’ and superiors’ information needs. We all know, thanks to Chester Barnard’s 1938 classic The Functions of the Executive, that organizations are held together by information rather than by ownership or command. Still, far too many executives behave as if information and its ? ow were the job of the information specialist—for example, the accountant. As a result, they get an enormous amount of data they do not need and cannot use, but little of the information they do need. The best way around this problem is for each executive to identify the information he needs, ask for it, and keep pushing until he gets it. Focus on opportunities. Good executives focus on opportunities rather than problems. Problems have to be taken care of, of course; they must not be swept under the rug. But problem solving, however necessary, does not produce results. It prevents damage. Exploiting opportunities produces results. Above all, effective executives treat change s an opportunity rather than a threat. They systematically look at changes, inside and outside the corporation, and ask, â€Å"How can we exploit this change as an opportunity for our enterprise? † Speci? cally, executives scan these seven situations for opportunities: †¢ an unexpected success or failure in their own enterprise, in a competing enterprise, or in the industry; †¢ a gap between what is and what could be in a market, process, product, or service (for example, in the nineteenth century, the paper industry concentrated on the 10% of each tree that became wood pulp and totally neglected he possibilities in the remaining 90%, which became waste); †¢ innovation in a process, product, or service, whether inside or outside the enterprise or its industry; †¢ changes in industry structure and market structure; †¢ demographics; †¢ changes in mind-set, values, perception, mood, or meaning; and †¢ new knowledge or a new technology. Effective executives also make sure that problems do not overwhelm opportunities. In most companies, the ? rst page of the monthly management report lists key problems. It’s far page 5 W hat Makes an Effective Executive In areas where they are simply incompetent, smart executives don’t ake decisions or take actions. They delegate. Everyone has such areas. harvard business review †¢ june 2004 wiser to list opportunities on the ? rst page and leave problems for the second page. Unless there is a true catastrophe, problems are not discussed in management meetings until opportunities have been analyzed and properly dealt with. Staf? ng is another important aspect of being opportunity focused. Effective executives put their best people on opportunities rather than on problems. One way to staff for opportunities is to ask each member of the management group to prepare two lists every ix months—a list of opportunities for the entire enterprise and a list of the bes t-performing people throughout the enterprise. These are discussed, then melded into two master lists, and the best people are matched with the best opportunities. In Japan, by the way, this matchup is considered a major HR task in a big corporation or government department; that practice is one of the key strengths of Japanese business. Make meetings productive. The most visible, powerful, and, arguably, effective nongovernmental executive in the America of World War II and the years thereafter was not a businessman. It was Francis Cardinal Spellman, the head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and adviser to several U. S. presidents. When Spellman took over, the diocese was bankrupt and totally demoralized. His successor inherited the leadership position in the American Catholic church. Spellman often said that during his waking hours he was alone only twice each day, for 25 minutes each time: when he said Mass in his private chapel after getting up in the morning and when he said his evening prayers before going to bed. Otherwise he was always with people in a meeting, starting at breakfast ith one Catholic organization and ending at dinner with another. Top executives aren’t quite as imprisoned as the archbishop of a major Catholic diocese. But every study of the executive workday has found that even junior executives and professionals are with other people—that is, in a meeting of some sort—more than half of every business day. The only exceptions are a few seni or researchers. Even a conversation with only one other person is a meeting. Hence, if they are to be effective, executives must make meetings productive. They must make sure that meetings are work sessions rather than ull sessions. The key to running an effective meeting is to decide in advance what kind of meeting it will be. Different kinds of meetings require different forms of preparation and different results: A meeting to prepare a statement, an announcement, or a press release. For this to be productive, one member has to prepare a draft beforehand. At the meeting’s end, a preappointed member has to take responsibility for disseminating the ? nal text. A meeting to make an announcement—for example, an organizational change. This meeting should be con? ned to the announcement and a discussion about it. A meeting in which one member reports. Nothing but the report should be discussed. A meeting in which several or all members report. Either there should be no discussion at all or the discussion should be limited to questions for clari? cation. Alternatively, for each report there could be a short discussion in which all participants may ask questions. If this is the format, the reports should be distributed to all participants well before the meeting. At this kind of meeting, each report should be limited to a preset time—for example, 15 minutes. A meeting to inform the convening executive. The executive should listen and ask questions. He or she should sum up but not make a presentation. A meeting whose only function is to allow the participants to be in the executive’s presence. Cardinal Spellman’s breakfast and dinner meetings were of that kind. There is no way to make these meetings productive. They are the penalties of rank. Senior executives are effective to the extent to which they can prevent such meetings from encroaching on their workdays. Spellman, for instance, was effective in large part because he con? ned such meetings to breakfast and dinner and kept the est of his working day free of them. Making a meeting productive takes a good deal of self-discipline. It requires that executives determine what kind of meeting is appropriate and then stick to that format. It’s also necessary to terminate the meeting as soon as its speci? c purpose has been accomplished. Good executives don’t raise another matter for discussion. They sum up and adjourn. Good follow-up is just as important as the page 6 W hat Makes an Effective Executive meeting itself. The great master of follow-up was Alfred Sloan, the most effective business executive I have ever known. Sloan, who eaded General Motors from the 1920s until the 1950s, spent most of his six working days a week in meetings—three days a week in formal committee meetings with a set membership, the other three days in ad hoc meetings with individual GM executives or with a small group of executives. At the beginning of a formal meeting, Sloan announced the meeting’s purpose. He then listened. He never took notes and he rarely spoke except to clarify a confusing point. At the end he summed up, thanked the participants, and left. Then he immediately wrote a short memo addressed to one attendee of the meeting. In that note, he summarized the discussion and its conclusions and spelled out any work assignment decided upon in the meeting (including a decision to hold another meeting on the subject or to study an issue). He speci? ed the deadline and the executive who was to be accountable for the assignment. He sent a copy of the memo to everyone who’d been present at the meeting. It was through these memos—each a small masterpiece—that Sloan made himself into an outstandingly effective executive. Effective executives know that any given meeting is either productive or a total waste of time. arvard business review †¢ june 2004 Think and Say â€Å"We† The ? nal practice is this: Don’t think or say â€Å"I. † Think and say â€Å"we. † Effective executives know that they have ultimate responsibility, which can be neither shared nor delegated. But they have authority only because they have the trust of the organization. This means that they th ink of the needs and the opportunities of the organization before they think of their own needs and opportunities. This one may sound simple; it isn’t, but it needs to be strictly observed. We’ve just reviewed eight practices of effective executives.